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In 2025, a student-led team of researchers at Tohoku University in Japan discovered a massive Physalia, or Portuguese man o’ war, that boasted a striking blue cobalt color.

Upon close examination, it turned out to be a new species.

And they came across it by happenstance.

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“I was working on a completely different research project around Sendai Bay in the Tohoku region, when I came across this unique jellyfish I had never seen around here before,” student researcherYoshiki Ochiai told Tohoku University. “So, I scooped it up, put it in a ziplock bag, hopped on my scooter, and brought it back to the lab!”

According to Professor Cheryl Ames of the Graduate School of Agricultural Science and the Advanced Institute for Marine Ecosystem Change, the new species is named Physalia mikazuki, or “crescent helmet man-o-war” as a nod to Date Masamune, a Japanese samurai warrior who bears a crescent moon on his helmet.

The students published their work in Frontiers in Marine Science on October 30. The study’s lead author, Chanikarn Yongstar, said the new jellyfish creature presented their team with an interesting challenge.

“It was a very involved process recording all the unique body structures that distinguish it from the other four species of Physalia,” said Yongstar.

“I looked at each individual part, comparing its appearance to old tomes where scholars drew out the jellyfish anatomy by hand. A real challenge when you look at just how many tangled parts it has.”

Kei Chloe Tan, who led the DNA analysis, said that their team also had to puzzle out how the jellyfish ended up off the coast of Japan in the first place.

The Physalia mikazuki marks the first Physalia ever spotted in the Tohoku region.

“Our morphological and DNA analyses confirmed that these specimens represent a new species distinct from its tropical relatives,” Kei Chloe Tan said. “[It] is an exciting finding in and of itself, but we still had questions about how it got here.”

To meet their conclusion, the students ran computer simulations on how objects drift in ocean surface currents and speculated that warm water from the far-off Kuroshio Current may have carried the jellyfish to Sendai Bay, where Ochiai had plucked it from the water.

“I ran a particle simulation — which is like dropping bright red beach balls in the water, then making data-based estimations to track where they will end up days or months later,” explained student researcher Muhammad Izzat Nugraha.

“We were excited to find that in our simulation, all the beach balls essentially made a trail from Sagami Bay up to right where we found the ‘crescent helmet man-o-war’ in the Tohoku region.”

Despite colloquially being referred to as jellyfish by the scientific community — and the world at large — Portuguese man o’ wars actually bear a misnomer. They are not jellyfish but rather a siphonophore: A colony of individual organisms called zooids moving and working together.

Curiously, although each zooid in a colony is morphologically different, they all share identical genes and cohabit as a single individual.

Like many types of jellyfish, Portuguese man o’ wars are highly venomous. Despite the harm they pose to humans, they are quite beneficial to the ocean’s health.

Through nutrient cycling, they redistribute nutrients to lower trophic microorganisms in their environment. They also play an important role in the underwater food web as prey for endangered loggerhead turtles.

“These jellyfish are dangerous and perhaps a bit scary to some,” said student researcher Ayane Totsu. “But [they’re] also beautiful creatures that are deserving of continued research and classification efforts.”

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Header image via Kris Møklebust / Pexels

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